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Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
Detailed Information
Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic derived from oxytetracycline. It is slowly and much
better absorbed orally than are other tetracyclines, and blood levels are sustained longer.
Doxycycline is indicated for the treatment of the following infections:
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group,
Q fever, rickettsialpox, and tick fevers caused by Rickettsiae
- Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella
species, Streptococcus pneumoniae (formerly Diplococcus pneumoniae)
- Urinary tract infections caused by Klebsiella species
- Lymphogranuloma venereum2
- Psittacosis (ornithosis)
- Trachoma
- Inclusion conjunctivitis caused
- Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical or rectal infections in
adults caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
- Nongonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum
- Relapsing fever due to Borrelia recurrentis
- Chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi
- Plague due to Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis )
- Tularemia due to Francisella tularensis (formerly Pasteurella tularensis)
- Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae (formerly Vibrio comma )
- Campylobacter fetus infections caused by Campylobacter fetus (formerly Vibrio fetus)
- Brucellosis due to Brucella species (in conjunction with streptomycin)
- Bartonellosis due to Bartonella bacilliformis
- Granuloma inguinale caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
- Anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis
- Uncomplicated gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum
- Yaws caused by Treponema pertenue
- Listeriosis due to Listeria monocytogenes
- Infections caused by Clostridium species
Doxycycline has excellent bioavailability, anti-inflammatory effects1,
long - established track record in research and in practice, and long history of extensive use.
Doxycycline for pneumonia
Doxycycline is active against all common typical and atypical
bacterial causes of pneumonia, offers twice-daily dosing,
has a favorable side-effect profile, and achieves unusually high penetration
into lung tissue and especially into alveolar macrophages. American
Thoracic Society guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia recommend
Doxycycline as an alternative to macrolides. Considering the expense
of the macrolides, Doxycycline is very frequently used in outpatient treatment
of pneumonia. Doxycycline is well absorbed orally, but about half of
the dose is converted to inactive compounds. Approximately 30% to 40%
of the remainder is excreted by the kidneys.
Doxycycline for rosacea
Subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline administered twice daily as an adjunct to topical
treatments can significantly reduce inflammatory lesions and may be useful maintenance monotherapy.
Mode of action
Doxycycline is an antibiotic that has the ability to inhibit
the growth of a wide variety of bacteria and certain other organisms.
It works by preventing bacteria from producing proteins that are essential
for their growth and replication. Doxycycline therefore stops the spread of the
infection and the remaining bacteria eventually die.
Doxycycline Alternatives - Natural Antibiotics
- Garlic
Garlic is a natural antibiotic. It has been used for thousands of years as an "infection fighter". Modern research
confirms that garlic has serious antimicrobial potential7-8.
Garlic is active against common food pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and
Listeria monocytogenes) and has potential for the preservation of
processed foods9.
- Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
The body of positive evidence for oregano oil as a major antibiotic is growing. Oil of oregano at relatively
low doses is efficacious against Staphylococcus bacteria and comparable in its germ-killing properties to antibiotics
such as streptomycin, and vancomycin10. Oil of oregano exhibit great
antibacterial action against common pathogenic bacteria such as Staph, E. coli and Listeria.
- Thyme
Thyme was used medicinally by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Most present day research has centered on thyme’s
ability as an antibacterial and anti-infectious agent. It is used to treat different infections including coughs,
colds, tonsillitis, chest infections, and gastroenteritis11-12.
It also enhances immunity and helps the body fight against infection.
- Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
and decongesting properties, and has been used traditionally to treat
asthma, nasal congestion, runny nose, cough, and sinusitis13.
The oil from eucalyptus is antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral,
and has been used topically to treat skin and dental infections, and to prevent cavities.
- Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Traditionally, turmeric has been taken orally as a remedy for bronchitis
and other respiratory conditions14.
Curcumin and other chemicals in turmeric may promote mucus production, thereby making mucus thinner and possibly
easier to eliminate from the body. In addition, curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties may help to
relieve lung congestion caused by inflammation.
- Colloidal Silver
Colloidal silver is a liquid suspension of microscopic particles of
silver. It is universal natural antibiotic and disinfectant. If you
want to take this instead of an antibiotic, you need to begin at the
onset of an illness and take the max dosage, not skipping a single one.
Colloidal Silver was used in the U.S. to effectively fight bacterial
infections until the late 1940’s. Externally, this water may be applied
directly to cuts, rashes, burns, and moles. Internally, it may be
used for viral, yeast and some respiratory infections; parasites, diarrhea, allergies.
- Bee Propolis
Bee propolis, which bees process from the plant and tree resin they
gather and use to protect the health of their hives, is a very potent
natural antibiotic. It essentially contains resins, balsams, essential
oils, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals and pollen. Its bactericidal
qualities have been known since the beginning of written history. Propolis has also been shown
to fight bacterial strains that have become resistant to synthetic
antibiotics. It has been proven effective in treating skin conditions,
wounds, burns, asthma and bronchitis15.
- Tea Tree oil
Tea Tree oil is an effective bactericide killing a broad spectrum
of bacteria and a range of stubborn fungi. It kills fungus and bacteria,
including those resistant to some antibiotics. A high-quality study16
has shown topical application of 5% tea tree oil is an effective for mild to moderate acne.
- Grapefruit seed extract
Grapefruit seed-extract is active against great number of gram-positive
and gram-negative organisms. It is used for many types of internal
and external infections17,
including diarrhea, food poisoning, acne.
References
- 1. Borderie D, Hernvann A, Hilliquin P, Lemarchal
H, Kahan A, Ekindjian OG. Tetracyclines inhibit nitrosothiol production
by cytokine-stimulated osteoarthritic synovial cells. Inflamm Res. 2001 Aug;50(8):409-14.
- 2. Zele-Starcevic' L, Plecko V, Budimir A, Kalenic'
S. Choice of antimicrobial for infections caused by Chlamydia
trachomatis and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Acta Med Croatica. 2004;58(4):329-33.
PubMed
- 4. Sreekanth VR, Handa R, Wali JP, Aggarwal P, Dwivedi SN. Doxycycline in rheumatoid arthritis.
J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 Aug;48(8):804-7. PubMed
- 7. Fani MM, Kohanteb J, Dayaghi M. Inhibitory activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on
multidrug-resistant Streptococcus mutans. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2007 Oct-Dec;25(4):164-8.
- 8. Eja ME, Asikong BE, Abriba C, Arikpo GE, Anwan
EE, Enyi-Idoh KH. A comparative assessment of the antimicrobial
effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and antibiotics on diarrheagenic
organisms. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2007 Mar;38(2):343-8.
PubMed
- 9. Kumar M, Berwal JS. Sensitivity of food pathogens
to garlic (Allium sativum). J Appl Microbiol. 1998 Feb;84(2):213-5.
- 10. Nostro A, Blanco AR, Cannatelli MA, Enea V, Flamini G, Morelli I, Sudano Roccaro A,
Alonzo V. Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococci to oregano essential oil, carvacrol and thymol.
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Jan 30;230(2):191-5. PubMed
- 11. Tabak M, Armon R, Potasman I, Neeman I. In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by extracts
of thyme. J Appl Bacteriol. 1996 Jun;80(6):667-72.
- 12. Marino M, Bersani C, Comi G. Antimicrobial
activity of the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. measured using
a bioimpedometric method. J Food Prot. 1999 Sep;62(9):1017-23.
- 13. Cermelli C, Fabio A, Fabio G, Quaglio P.
Effect of eucalyptus essential oil on respiratory bacteria and viruses.
Curr Microbiol. 2008 Jan;56(1):89-92.
- 14. Venkatesan N, Punithavathi D, Babu M.
Protection from acute and chronic lung diseases by curcumin. Adv Exp
Med Biol. 2007;595:379-405. PubMed
- 15. Velazquez C, Navarro M, Acosta A, Angulo
A, Dominguez Z, Robles R, Robles-Zepeda R, Lugo E, Goycoolea FM, Velazquez
EF, Astiazaran H, Hernandez J. Antibacterial and free-radical scavenging
activities of Sonoran propolis. J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Nov;103(5):1747-56.
PubMed
- 16. Enshaieh S, Jooya A, Siadat AH, Iraji F.
The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil in mild
to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled
study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007 Jan-Feb;73(1):22-5.
- 17. Heggers JP, Cottingham J, Gusman J, Reagor
L, McCoy L, Carino E, Cox R, Zhao JG. The effectiveness of processed
grapefruit-seed extract as an antibacterial agent: II. Mechanism of
action and in vitro toxicity. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Jun;8(3):333-40.
PubMed
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